Failure Case Library

Real lab failures, root causes, and fixes — curated and bilingually annotated by our team.

All Techniques (7) PCR (Sigma Guide) (12) End-point PCR Primers (9) Western Blot (9) Wound Healing Assay (5) Cell Culture (Contamination) (7) Lipid Transfection (8) CCK-8 Cell Viability Assay (5) Colony Formation Assay (10) Transfection (8) Nucleic Acid Quantification (9) Transfection (Co-transfection) (1) Protein Extraction (4) Plasmid Construction (Double Digest) (1) Sanger Sequencing (2) Plasmid Construction (1) qPCR (RT-qPCR) (5) Transwell Migration / Invasion Assay (5) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) (6) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) (26) Restriction Enzyme Digest (13) DNA Cleanup & Plasmid Purification (7) RNA Cleanup (4) NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) (7) HMW DNA Extraction (Monarch) (7) LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification) (7) RNA Depletion for RNA-seq (7) Bacterial rRNA Depletion (4) Cell-free DNA Extraction (8) ELISA (Competitive) (18) ELISA (Signal Problems) (11) ELISA (High Background) (8) ELISA (Inconsistent Results / High CV) (6) ELISA (Standard Curve Fit Problems) (6) Western Blot (Weak / No Signal) (6) Western Blot (Detection Problems) (7) Western Blot (Bands at Wrong MW) (5) Western Blot (Misshapen / Uneven Bands) (5) Western Blot (Unexpected Multiple Bands) (7) Western Blot (Unusual Gel Band Appearance) (3) ChIP (High Background) (1) ChIP (Low Resolution with High Background) (6) ChIP (Low Signal) (8) ChIP (PCR Amplification Problems) (4) Immunohistochemistry (High Background) (9) Immunohistochemistry (No Staining) (9) Immunoprecipitation (High Antibody Elution) (1) Immunoprecipitation (High Background) (8) Immunoprecipitation (No Protein Detected) (5) Immunoprecipitation (Protein Obstruction) (1) ELISPOT (8) Tissue Imaging (Autofluorescence) (9) Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) (8) ELISA Development (9) Flow Cytometry (Autofluorescence) (7) Flow Cytometry (Compensation) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fc Blocking) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fixation & Permeabilization) (9) Flow Cytometry (Isotype Controls) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fixation Buffers) (7) Western Blot (CST Guide) (8) ChIP (CST Guide) (8) Immunoprecipitation (CST Guide) (14) Immunohistochemistry (CST Guide) (14) Flow Cytometry (CST Guide) (8) ELISA (R&D Guide) (10) ELISA (Sigma Guide) (6) Western Blot Immunodetection (19) IP-Western Blot (6) Flow Cytometry (Sample Considerations) (14) Flow Cytometry (Paraformaldehyde Fixation) (14) Western Blot (Sigma Protocol) (8) PCR / RT-PCR Amplification Problems (5) Cell Culture (Cell Death) (8) Cell Culture (Precipitates) (6) PCR (Invitrogen Guide) (8) PCR / qPCR Plastics (9) Flow Cytometry (Controls) (8) Plasmid Mini-prep (1) Transfection (siRNA Knockdown) (1) Western Blot (Blue Background) (1)
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) severe

Low Library Yield with Intact Input DNA

Library yield is significantly lower than expected based on input amount, despite successful completion of all enzymatic steps.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) severe

Sample Loss During SPRI Bead Cleanup

Significantly lower library yield after SPRI bead cleanup steps, with visible reduction in final library concentration disproportionate to expected recovery rate.

💡 5 causes ✓ 5 fixes
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) moderate

Residual Adaptor or Primers After PCR

Adaptor or primer peaks visible on Bioanalyzer or similar instrument after PCR amplification, indicating inefficient cleanup or excess reagent usage.

💡 3 causes ✓ 3 fixes
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) severe

Library Overamplification with Heteroduplex Formation

High molecular weight fragments appear on Bioanalyzer after PCR due to single-stranded library fragments and heteroduplex formation when PCR primers are depleted. Data quality may be compromised upon sequencing.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) critical

Complete Library Preparation Failure

No library visible on Bioanalyzer or similar instrument after amplification, or library fragments remain the same size as input DNA instead of showing expected ~120 bp increase in size.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) moderate

Excessive Adaptor Dimer Formation

Sharp 127 bp peak visible on Bioanalyzer representing adaptor dimers, reducing the proportion of desired library fragments and overall usable yield.

💡 3 causes ✓ 4 fixes
NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) moderate

Library Not the Correct Insert Size

Library fragment size distribution is shifted from expected range, with either smaller or larger inserts than intended, or discrepancy between fragment analyzer measurement and sequencer-determined insert size.

💡 5 causes ✓ 5 fixes