What is a Titration and how is it performed?

Learn that titration uses a solution of known concentration (titrant) to determine an unknown concentration (analyte). Prepare and clean the burette, then set the meniscus level at a graduation mark between 0-2 mL and record the initial reading to two decimal places.

Pipette a measured volume of the analyte solution into a conical flask and add a few drops of indicator. Position the flask under the burette and deliver the titrant at a rapid pace to determine approximately how much volume is needed to reach the endpoint. Record the final volume reading.

Refill the burette and record the new initial reading. Prepare the conical flask with fresh analyte solution and indicator drops in preparation for the next careful titration.

Deliver approximately three-quarters of the rough titration volume at a rapid pace, then add titrant slowly drop-by-drop until the endpoint is reached. Wash the sides of the conical flask and any droplets on the burette tip with distilled water to ensure accuracy.

Record the final burette reading and calculate the total volume delivered by subtracting the initial from final reading. Perform two additional careful titrations following the same procedure, ensuring that volumes delivered differ by no more than 0.1 mL between trials.

Place a white piece of paper under the conical flasks to better observe color changes of the indicator. For right-handed individuals, handle the burette cap with the left hand and swirl the flask with the right hand; reverse this configuration for left-handed individuals.

Follow the summarized six-step procedure: weigh and dissolve solid samples if needed, pipette an accurate volume of analyte into a conical flask, add indicator drops, place the titrant in the burette, add solution drop-by-drop until endpoint is reached, and record volumes to calculate unknown concentration.