Failure Case Library

Real lab failures, root causes, and fixes — curated and bilingually annotated by our team.

All Techniques (11) PCR (Sigma Guide) (12) End-point PCR Primers (9) Western Blot (9) Wound Healing Assay (5) Cell Culture (Contamination) (7) Lipid Transfection (8) CCK-8 Cell Viability Assay (5) Colony Formation Assay (10) Transfection (8) Nucleic Acid Quantification (9) Transfection (Co-transfection) (1) Protein Extraction (4) Plasmid Construction (Double Digest) (1) Sanger Sequencing (2) Plasmid Construction (1) qPCR (RT-qPCR) (5) Transwell Migration / Invasion Assay (5) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) (6) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) (26) Restriction Enzyme Digest (13) DNA Cleanup & Plasmid Purification (7) RNA Cleanup (4) NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) (7) HMW DNA Extraction (Monarch) (7) LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification) (7) RNA Depletion for RNA-seq (7) Bacterial rRNA Depletion (4) Cell-free DNA Extraction (8) ELISA (Competitive) (18) ELISA (Signal Problems) (11) ELISA (High Background) (8) ELISA (Inconsistent Results / High CV) (6) ELISA (Standard Curve Fit Problems) (6) Western Blot (Weak / No Signal) (6) Western Blot (Detection Problems) (7) Western Blot (Bands at Wrong MW) (5) Western Blot (Misshapen / Uneven Bands) (5) Western Blot (Unexpected Multiple Bands) (7) Western Blot (Unusual Gel Band Appearance) (3) ChIP (High Background) (1) ChIP (Low Resolution with High Background) (6) ChIP (Low Signal) (8) ChIP (PCR Amplification Problems) (4) Immunohistochemistry (High Background) (9) Immunohistochemistry (No Staining) (9) Immunoprecipitation (High Antibody Elution) (1) Immunoprecipitation (High Background) (8) Immunoprecipitation (No Protein Detected) (5) Immunoprecipitation (Protein Obstruction) (1) ELISPOT (8) Tissue Imaging (Autofluorescence) (9) Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) (8) ELISA Development (9) Flow Cytometry (Autofluorescence) (7) Flow Cytometry (Compensation) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fc Blocking) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fixation & Permeabilization) (9) Flow Cytometry (Isotype Controls) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fixation Buffers) (7) Western Blot (CST Guide) (8) ChIP (CST Guide) (8) Immunoprecipitation (CST Guide) (14) Immunohistochemistry (CST Guide) (14) Flow Cytometry (CST Guide) (8) ELISA (R&D Guide) (10) ELISA (Sigma Guide) (6) Western Blot Immunodetection (19) IP-Western Blot (6) Flow Cytometry (Sample Considerations) (14) Flow Cytometry (Paraformaldehyde Fixation) (14) Western Blot (Sigma Protocol) (8) PCR / RT-PCR Amplification Problems (5) Cell Culture (Cell Death) (8) Cell Culture (Precipitates) (6) PCR (Invitrogen Guide) (8) PCR / qPCR Plastics (9) Flow Cytometry (Controls) (8) Plasmid Mini-prep (1) Transfection (siRNA Knockdown) (1) Western Blot (Blue Background) (1)
ELISA (Signal Problems) severe

No or Very Low Signal Due to Poor Plate Binding

No detectable signal or extremely weak signal in ELISA even when target protein is expected to be present. Signal may be inconsistent across wells.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) severe

Detection System Lacks Sensitivity for Target Concentration

Low or no signal despite proper assay setup. High concentration samples may show weak signal while low concentration samples are undetectable.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) moderate

Wrong Instrument Settings for Detection Wavelength

No signal or very low signal readings from plate reader despite visible color development or expected fluorescence. Signal does not correlate with visual observations.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) severe

Primary and Secondary Antibody Incompatibility

No signal or minimal signal in indirect ELISA despite proper coating and blocking. Positive controls with matched antibodies work correctly.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) severe

Buffer Components Inhibit Detection Enzyme

No or very weak signal despite correct antibody binding. Signal loss occurs after addition of detection reagent. Other wells using different buffers show normal signal.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) moderate

Mixed Components from Different ELISA Kits

Unpredictable or absent signal despite following protocol. Results are inconsistent and do not match expected standard curves. Signal may vary dramatically between experiments.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) severe

Antibody or Reagent Loss of Activity from Improper Storage

Progressive signal loss over time using the same reagents. Previously working protocols suddenly fail. Positive controls that worked before now show reduced or no signal.

💡 5 causes ✓ 5 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) moderate

Incubation Temperature Below Optimal Range

Consistently weak signal across all samples including positive controls. Signal improves when experiment is repeated with attention to temperature. Longer incubations partially compensate.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) moderate

Over-Washing Removes Bound Detection Reagents

Signal progressively decreases with increased wash steps or aggressive washing. Reducing wash stringency restores signal. Edge wells show lower signal than center wells.

💡 4 causes ✓ 5 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) moderate

Weak Signal from Inadequate Antibody-Antigen Interaction

Signal is present but consistently lower than expected. Positive controls show weak but detectable signal while samples are near background.

💡 4 causes ✓ 4 fixes
ELISA (Signal Problems) moderate

Bacterial Contamination in Wash or Incubation Buffers

Sporadic signal loss or high background that worsens over time during multi-day experiments. Cloudy or turbid buffer appearance. Inconsistent results when using same buffer batch.

💡 4 causes ✓ 5 fixes