Failure Case Library

Real lab failures, root causes, and fixes — curated and bilingually annotated by our team.

All Techniques (8) Nucleic Acid Quantification (9) Lipid Transfection (8) End-point PCR Primers (9) Cell Culture (Contamination) (7) PCR (Sigma Guide) (12) Flow Cytometry (Controls) (8) PCR / qPCR Plastics (9) PCR (Invitrogen Guide) (8) Cell Culture (Precipitates) (6) Cell Culture (Cell Death) (8) ELISA (Sigma Guide) (6) PCR / RT-PCR Amplification Problems (5) Flow Cytometry (Paraformaldehyde Fixation) (14) Flow Cytometry (Sample Considerations) (14) ELISA (R&D Guide) (10) Western Blot Immunodetection (19) Flow Cytometry (CST Guide) (8) Immunohistochemistry (CST Guide) (14) Immunoprecipitation (CST Guide) (14) ChIP (CST Guide) (8) ELISA Development (9) Western Blot (Sigma Protocol) (8) IP-Western Blot (6) Western Blot (CST Guide) (8) Flow Cytometry (Fixation Buffers) (7) Flow Cytometry (Isotype Controls) (7) Flow Cytometry (Fixation & Permeabilization) (9) Flow Cytometry (Fc Blocking) (7) Flow Cytometry (Compensation) (7) Flow Cytometry (Autofluorescence) (7) Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) (8) Tissue Imaging (Autofluorescence) (9) ELISPOT (8) Immunoprecipitation (Protein Obstruction) (1) Immunoprecipitation (No Protein Detected) (5) Immunoprecipitation (High Background) (8) Immunoprecipitation (High Antibody Elution) (1) Immunohistochemistry (No Staining) (9) Immunohistochemistry (High Background) (9) ChIP (PCR Amplification Problems) (4) ChIP (Low Signal) (8) ChIP (Low Resolution with High Background) (6) ChIP (High Background) (1) Western Blot (Blue Background) (1) Western Blot (Unusual Gel Band Appearance) (3) Western Blot (Unexpected Multiple Bands) (7) Western Blot (Misshapen / Uneven Bands) (5) Western Blot (Bands at Wrong MW) (5) Western Blot (Detection Problems) (7) Western Blot (Weak / No Signal) (6) ELISA (Standard Curve Fit Problems) (6) ELISA (Inconsistent Results / High CV) (6) ELISA (High Background) (8) ELISA (Signal Problems) (11) ELISA (Competitive) (18) Cell-free DNA Extraction (8) Bacterial rRNA Depletion (4) RNA Depletion for RNA-seq (7) LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification) (7) HMW DNA Extraction (Monarch) (7) NGS Library Preparation (NEBNext Ultra II) (7) RNA Cleanup (4) DNA Cleanup & Plasmid Purification (7) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) (26) Restriction Enzyme Digest (13) Western Blot (9) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) (6) Colony Formation Assay (10) Transwell Migration / Invasion Assay (5) qPCR (RT-qPCR) (5) Transfection (8) Plasmid Construction (1) Sanger Sequencing (2) Plasmid Mini-prep (1) Plasmid Construction (Double Digest) (1) Protein Extraction (4) Transfection (Co-transfection) (1) Transfection (siRNA Knockdown) (1) CCK-8 Cell Viability Assay (5) Wound Healing Assay (5)
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) severe

Cell Surface Protein Internalization and Loss

Expected cell surface markers show weak or absent staining despite known expression in the cell type. Loss of fluorescence intensity occurs specifically for membrane proteins, while intracellular markers remain detectable.

💡 3 causes ✓ 3 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) severe

High Background and Non-Specific Cell Staining

Flow cytometry data shows elevated background fluorescence with poor separation between positive and negative populations. Non-specific staining creates high-intensity fluorescence across all cells, obscuring true positive signals and making gating difficult.

💡 6 causes ✓ 6 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) moderate

High Side Scatter Background from Small Particles

Flow cytometry SSC channel shows elevated background noise from small particles and debris. Event plots display excessive scatter in low SSC/FSC regions, indicating presence of cell fragments or contaminants.

💡 3 causes ✓ 3 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) minor

Excessively High Event Rate During Acquisition

Flow cytometer records excessive events per second (>10,000/sec), leading to coincidence errors where multiple cells pass through the laser simultaneously. Data shows abnormal event clustering and unreliable fluorescence measurements.

💡 2 causes ✓ 2 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) severe

Incorrect Fluorescence Compensation and Spectral Overlap

Flow cytometry multicolor panels show false-positive signals in channels not expected to be positive. Positive populations appear in multiple fluorescence channels due to spectral overlap between fluorochromes, making accurate population identification impossible.

💡 3 causes ✓ 3 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) moderate

Multiple Cell Populations When Expecting Single Population

Flow cytometry plots display two or more distinct cell populations where only one homogeneous population was expected. A second population often appears at approximately twice the fluorescence intensity of the primary population.

💡 3 causes ✓ 3 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) moderate

Low Event Rate During Acquisition

Flow cytometer records very few events per second during sample acquisition, requiring extended run times to collect sufficient data. Analysis shows inadequate cell counts for statistically meaningful conclusions.

💡 3 causes ✓ 3 fixes
Flow Cytometry (Troubleshooting) severe

No Signal or Weak Fluorescence Intensity Detected

Flow cytometry analysis shows absent or extremely weak fluorescent signal from labeled cells, making it impossible to distinguish positive populations from negative controls. Expected fluorescence peaks are not visible or barely detectable above background.

💡 6 causes ✓ 6 fixes